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Release Date 6212014 Compatible with Windows 7 32bits 64bits Windows 8 32bits 64bits. Understand UNIX Linux Inodes Basics with Examples. Several countries provides a unique identification number for example, social security number in the USA to the people who live in that country. This makes it easier to identify an individual uniquely. This makes it easier to handle all the paper work necessary for an individual by various government agencies and financial institutions. Similar to the social security number, there is a concept of Inode numbers which uniquely exist for all the files on Linux or nix systems. Inode Basics. An Inode number points to an Inode. An Inode is a data structure that stores the following information about a file Size of file. Device IDUser ID of the file. Group ID of the file. The file mode information and access privileges for owner, group and others. File protection flags. The timestamps for file creation, modification etclink counter to determine the number of hard links. Pointers to the blocks storing files contents. Please note that the above list is not exhaustive. Also, the name of the file is not stored in Inodes We will come to it later. When a file is created inside a directory then the file name and Inode number are assigned to file. These two entries are associated with every file in a directory. The user might think that the directory contains the complete file and all the extra information related to it but this might not be the case always. So we see that a directory associates a file name with its Inode number. When a user tries to access the file or any information related to the file then heshe uses the file name to do so but internally the file name is first mapped with its Inode number stored in a table. Then through that Inode number the corresponding Inode is accessed. There is a table Inode table where this mapping of Inode numbers with the respective Inodes is provided. Why no file name in Inode information As pointed out earlier, there is no entry for file name in the Inode, rather the file name is kept as a separate entry parallel to Inode number. The reason for separating out file name from the other information related to same file is for maintaining hard links to files. This means that once all the other information is separated out from the file name then we can have various file names which point to same Inode. For example touch a. In the above output, we created a file a and then created a hard link a. Now when the command ls al is run, we can see the details of both a and a. We see that both the files are indistinguishable. Look at the second entry in the output. This entry specifies number of hard links to the file. In this case the entry has value 2 for both the files. K7 Total Security Crack File Free Download on this page. Note that Hard links cannot be created on different file systems and also they cannot be created for directories. When are Inodes created As we all now know that Inode is a data structure that contains information of a file. Since data structures occupy storage then an obvious question arises about when the Inodes are created in a systemWell, space for Inodes is allocated when the operating system or a new file system is installed and when it does its initial structuring. So this way we can see that in a file system, maximum number of Inodes and hence maximum number of files are set. Now, the above concept brings up another interesting fact. A file system can run out of space in two ways No space for adding new data is left. All the Inodes are consumed. Well, the first way is pretty obvious but we need to look at the second way. Yes, its possible that a case arises where we have free storage space but still we cannot add any new data in file system because all the Inodes are consumed. This may happen in a case where file system contains very large number of very small sized files. This will consume all the Inodes and though there would be free space from a Hard disk drive point of view but from file system point of view no Inode available to store any new file. The above use case is possible but less encountered because on a typical system the average file size is more than 2. KB which makes it more prone to running out of hard disk space first. But, nevertheless there exists an algorithm which is used to create number of Inodes in a file system. This algorithm takes into consideration the size of the file system and average file size. The user can tweak the number of Inodes while creating the file system. Commands to access Inode numbers. Following are some commands to access the Inode numbers for files 1 Ls i Command. As we explained earlier in our Unix LS Command 1. Practical Examples article, the flag i is used to print the Inode number for each file. Desktop 1. 44. 73. Pictures 1. 44. 27. Documents 1. 44. 27. Downloads 1. 44. 72. Public 1. 44. 70. Unsaved Document 1. Templates 1. 44. 18. Capital Iq Excel Plug In. Videos. 1. 44. 23. Octal. txt 1. 44. Music 1. 44. 23. 63 output. See that the Inode number for a and a. Df i Commanddf i command displays the inode information of the file system. Filesystem Inodes IUsed IFree IUse Mounted on. The flag i is used for displaying Inode information. Stat Command. Stat command is used to display file statistics that also displays inode number of a file stat a. Size 0 Blocks 0 IO Block 4. Device 8. 05h2. Inode 1. Links 2. Access 0. Uid 1. 00. 0himanshu Gid 1. Access 2. 01. 2 0. Modify 2. 01. 2 0. Change 2. 01. 2 0. Example Usage Scenario of an Inode number. Suppose there exist a file name with some special character in it. For example  abry to remove it normally using rm command, you will not be able to remove it. However using the inode number of this file you can remove it. Lets see these steps in this example 1 Check if the file exists ls i. Pictures. 1. 44. 71. So we have a file with name abin this directory. Try to remove it normally rm ab See that I tried couple of times to remove the file but could not. Remove the file using Inode number As we discussed earlier in our find command examples article, you can search for a file using inode number and delete it. Pictures. So we used the find command specifying the Inode number of the file we need to delete. The file got deleted. Though we could have deleted the file otherwise also by using the command rm abinstead of using the complicated find command example above but still I used it to demonstrate one of the use of Inode numbers for users. If you enjoyed this article, you might also like.